UPM Annual Report 2020
4.4 Goodwill and other intangible assets The group’s goodwill mainly relates to pulp operations in Finland and Uruguay belonging to UPM Biorefining business area.
Impairment testing Impairment tests for goodwill and water rights with indefinite life were carried out in the fourth quarter 2020. Water rights of hydropower plants belonging to UPM Energy and reported in intangible rights amounted EUR 189 million at the end of 2020 and 2019. The values of water rights were tested based on expected future cash flows of each separate hydro power plant.
Goodwill impairment tests were carried out for pulp operations in Finland and Uruguay, belonging to UPM Biorefining business area, UPM Raflatac business area and UPM Plywood business area. The 2020 impairment tests did not result in a recognition of any impairment.
Goodwill by business area
EURm
2020 2019
Goodwill by business area 2020
Pulp operations Uruguay Pulp operations Finland
94
103 113
The basis for valuation and key assumptions used in goodwill impairment testing are summarised in below table:
113
UPM Raflatac UPM Plywood
7
7
UPM Plywood 6%
BASIS OF VALUATION Value in use Value in use Value in use Value in use
13
13
CASH GENERATING UNIT
PERIOD OF FORECAST PRE-TAX DISCOUNT RATE
KEY ASSUMPTIONS Pulp price, wood costs Pulp price, wood costs
UPM Raflatac 3%
Other operations
1
1
Pulp operations Finland Pulp operations Uruguay
10 years + terminal value 10 years + terminal value 10 years + terminal value 10 years + terminal value
7.84 % (2019: 7.72 %) 7.84 % (2019: 8.10 %) 7.60 % (2019: 6.78 %) 13.04 % (2019: 10.14 %)
Total
229
238
Pulp operations, Uruguay 41%
Goodwill
UPM Raflatac UPM Plywood
Product prices, cost development Product prices, cost development
EURm
2020 2019
Pulp operations, Finland 49%
Carrying value, at 1 January
238
236
Sensitivity analyses The sensitivity analyses of goodwill impairment tests indicate that no reasonable change in key assumptions would result in recognition of impairment loss against goodwill. In pulp operations the recoverable amount is most sensitive to pulp sales prices and the cost of wood raw material.
Translation differences
-9
2
Accounting policies
Carrying value, at 31 December
229
238
Goodwill Goodwill arises in connection with business combinations where the consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the acquired net assets. Goodwill is recognised at cost less accumulated impairment and is an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life. Goodwill is allocated to the cash generating units that are expected to benefit from the synergies from the business combination. Intangible rights Intangible rights include water rights of hydropower plants, patents, licences, intellectual property and similar rights. Water rights are deemed to have an indefinite useful life as the company has a contractual right to exploit water resources in the energy production of power plants. The values of water rights are tested annually for impairment based on expected future cash flows of each separate hydropower plant. Other intangible rights are recognised at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment. Amortisation is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 10 years. Software and other intangible assets Research expenditure is recognised as an expense as incurred. Costs incurred in acquiring software that will contribute to future period financial benefit are capitalised to software and systems. Other intangible assets are recognised at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment. Amortisation is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 5 years. Impairment testing Goodwill and other intangible assets that are deemed to have an indefinite life are tested at least annually for impairment. For goodwill impairment testing purposes the group identifies its cash-generating units (CGUs), which is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generate cash inflows largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or other groups of assets. Each CGU is no larger than a business area. The carrying amount for the CGU includes goodwill, non-current assets and working capital. If the balance sheet carrying amount of the CGU unit exceeds its recoverable amount, an impairment loss is recognised.
Other intangible assets
SOFTWARE AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Key estimates and judgements
EURm
INTANGIBLE RIGHTS
TOTAL
The group’s assessment of the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite life assets requires significant judgement. While management believes that estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions are subject to change as a result of changing economic and operational conditions. Actual cash flows could therefore vary from estimated discounted future cash flows and could result in changes in the recognition of impairment charges in future periods. Future cash flows The review of recoverable amount for goodwill and indefinite life assets is based on a calculation of value in use, using management projections of future cash flows. The most important assessments and assumptions needed in calculations are forecasts for future growth rates for the business in question, product prices, cost development and the discount rates applied. The group is using ten-year forecasts in calculations as the nature of the group’s business is long-term, due to its capital intensity, and is exposed to cyclical changes. In estimates of product prices and cost development, forecasts prepared by management for the next three years and estimates made for the following seven years are taken into consideration. In addition, consideration is given to the investment decisions made by the group as well as the profitability programmes that the group has implemented and the views of knowledgeable industry experts on the long-term development of demand and prices. In the projection of cash flows UPM uses EBITDA adjusted with cash flows not captured within EBITDA, including working capital movements and capital expenditures. Discount rate The discount rate is estimated using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) on the calculation date adjusted for risks specific to the business in question. The adjusted after-tax discount rate is translated to a pre-tax rate for each cash generating unit (CGU) based on the specific tax rate applicable to where the CGU operates.
2020 Accumulated costs
471 -272 199 199
665 -596
1,136
Accumulated amortisation and impairments
-868 267 246
Carrying value, at 31 December Carrying value, at 1 January
69 47 34 -12
Additions
3
37 -16
Amortisation
-4
Reclassifications
—
1
1
Carrying value, at 31 December Emission rights, carrying value 1)
199
69
267
95
Carrying value including emission rights, at 31 December
363
2019 Accumulated costs
485 -286 199 201
637 -590
1,122
Accumulated amortisation and impairments
-876 246 233
Carrying value, at 31 December Carrying value, at 1 January
47 32 23
Additions
3
26 -13
Amortisation
-5
-8
Reclassifications
—
—
—
Carrying value, at 31 December Emission rights, carrying value 1)
199
47
246
80
Carrying value including emission rights, at 31 December
326
1) » Refer Note 2.3 Operating expenses and other operating income, for further information on emission rights.
174
UPM ANNUAL REPORT 2020 UPM FINANCIAL REPORT 2020 59 175
UPM ANNUAL REPORT 2020
UPM FINANCIAL REPORT 2020 58
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