UPM Annual Report 2023

ACCOUNTS FOR 2023

UPM

BEYOND FOSSILS

BUSINESSES

RESPONSIBILITY

GOVERNANCE

6. Risk management 6.1 Financial risk management

weighted hedging rate of these hedges against EUR were China CNY 7.77 and Uruguay USD 1.10. Derivatives used for hedging translation risks are external forward contracts, cross currency swaps and currency options. Foreign exchange risk sensitivity The following table illustrates the effect to profit before tax due to recognised balance sheet items in foreign currency and the effect to equity arising mainly from foreign currency forwards used to hedge foreign currency flows. Profit before tax Equity EURm 2023 2022 2023 2022 EUR strengthens by 10% USD 2 1 89 128 UYU — — -14 -15 GBP — — 13 17 CNY 1 1 10 10 EUR weakens by 10% USD -2 -1 -89 -128 UYU — — 14 15 GBP — — -13 -17 CNY -1 -1 -10 -10 The following assumptions were made when calculating the sensitivity to changes in the foreign exchange risk: • Major part of non-derivative financial instruments (such as cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, debt and trade payables) are either directly denominated in the functional currency or are transferred to the functional currency through the use of derivatives i.e. the balance sheet position is close to zero. Exchange rate fluctuations have therefore minor or no effects on profit or loss. • The table includes effect of foreign currency forward contracts that hedge commercial flows or investments or net investments in foreign subsidiaries, and which have an effective hedge relationship. • The table includes also effect of foreign currency forward contracts that are not part of the effective cash flow hedge having an effect on profit. • The table excludes effect of foreign currency denominated future cash flows. Interest rate risk The interest-bearing liabilities and assets expose the group to interest rate risk, namely repricing and fair value interest rate risk caused by interest rate movements. According to the Group Treasury Policy the interest rate exposure is defined as the difference in interest rate sensitivity between assets and liabilities compared to a benchmark portfolio with a 6-month duration. The total interest rate exposure is a net debt portfolio which includes all interest bearing assets and liabilities and derivatives that are used to hedge the aforementioned balance sheet items. The policy sets risk limits and allowed deviation from 6-month benchmark net debt duration level. UPM has decided to deviate from its policy benchmark and extend the duration of net debt. At 31 December 2023 the duration of net debt was 40 (45) months. The group uses interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaps,

interest rate futures and cross currency swaps, to change net debt duration. The table below shows the nominal value of interest rate position exposed to interest rate risk in each significant currency. The position includes all cash balances, investment funds, interest bearing assets and liabilities and derivatives used to hedge these items. The positive/ negative position indicates a net liability/asset position by currency and that the group is exposed to repricing and/or fair value interest risk by interest rate movements in that currency. Table excludes leasing transactions. Nominal values of the group’s net debt by currency including derivatives

12 months net risk currency flow and hedges 2023

The objective of financial risk management is to protect the group from unfavourable changes in financial markets and thus help to secure profitability. The objectives and limits for financing activities are defined in the Group Treasury Policy approved by the Board of Directors. In financial risk management various financial instruments are used within the limits specified in the Group Treasury Policy. Only such instruments which market value and risk profile can be continuously and reliably monitored are used for this purpose. Financing services are provided to the group entities and financial risk management carried out by the central treasury department, Treasury and Risk Management. Foreign exchange risk As a consequence of the global nature of its business, UPM is exposed to risks associated with changes in exchange rates, primarily with respect to USD, UYU, GBP and CNY. Foreign exchange risk arises from contracted and expected commercial future payment flows (transaction exposure), changes in value of recognised assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency and changes in the value of assets and liabilities in foreign subsidiaries (translation exposure). The objective of foreign exchange risk management is to limit the uncertainty created by changes in foreign exchange rates on the future value of cash flows earnings and in the group’s balance sheet. Changing exchange rates can also have indirect effects, such as change in relative competitiveness between currency regions. Transaction exposure The group hedges transaction exposure related to highly probable future commercial foreign currency cash flows on a rolling basis over the next 12-month period based on forecasts by the respective business areas. Transaction risk arises from the changes in currency rates of highly probable transactions, which are expected to take place in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity. The group’s policy is to hedge an average of 50% of its estimated net risk currency cash flow. Some highly probable cash flows have been hedged for longer than 12 months ahead while deviating from the risk neutral hedging level at the same time. At 31 December 2023, 53% (51%) of the forecast 12-month currency flow was hedged. The group enters into external forward contracts, which are designated at group level as hedges of foreign exchange risk of specific future foreign currency flows. Cash flow hedge accounting is applied when possible. If hedge accounting is not possible, fair value changes of the hedging instrument are recognised through profit and loss immediately. At the end of 2023, UPM’s estimated net risk currency flow for the next 12 months was EUR 1,875 million (2,291 million). The weighted hedging rate by currency against EUR were USD 1.09, UYU 43.02 and GBP 0.88. In addition to commercial foreign currency flow, the group has hedged risk currency flow related to investments. Cash flow hedge accounting is applied. At the end of 2023 the hedged net risk currency flow was EUR 1 million (EUR 141 million).

-300 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

EURm

USD UYU GBP

Other

EURbn

2023 2022

EUR USD CNY

1.3 0.9 -0.2 -0.2 1.8

1.8 0.5 -0.2 -0.4 1.8

Hedges

Currency flow

Others

12 months net risk currency flow and hedges 2022

Total

Most of the interest rate derivatives hedging interest on long-term debt meet the requirement of fair value hedge accounting. Interest rate risk sensitivity The following table illustrates the effect to profit before tax mainly as a result of changes in interest expense on floating rate debt.

-300 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

EURm

USD UYU GBP

Other

Profit before tax

EURm

2023 2022

Interest rate of net debt 100 basis points higher Interest rate of net debt 100 basis points lower

-8

-24 24

Hedges

Currency flow

8

The following assumptions were made when calculating the sensitivity to changes in interest rates: • The variation of interest rate is assumed to be 100 basis points parallel shift in applicable interest rate curves. • In the case of fair value hedges designated for hedging interest rate risk, the changes in the fair values of the hedged items and the hedging instruments attributable to the interest rate movements balance out almost completely in the income statement in the same period. However, the possible ineffectiveness has an effect on the profit of the year. • Cash balances are excluded. • Investment funds are excluded. • Leasing transactions are excluded. • Fixed rate debt that is measured at amortised cost and is not designated to fair value hedge relationship is not subject to interest rate risk sensitivity. • Floating rate debt that are measured at amortised cost and not designated as hedged items are included in interest rate sensitivity analysis. • Changes in the market interest rate of interest rate derivatives (interest rate futures, swaps and cross currency swaps) that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge accounting affect the financial income or expenses (net gains or losses from remeasurement of the financial assets and liabilities to fair value) and are therefore included in the income-related sensitivity analysis.

Translation exposure The group has several currency denominated assets and liabilities on its balance sheet such as foreign currency bonds, loans and deposits, group internal loans and cash in other currencies than functional currencies. UPM aims to fully hedge this balance sheet translation exposure, however, UPM might have unhedged balance sheet exposures within the limits set in group Treasury Policy. At 31 December 2023 the unhedged balance sheet exposures in net of interest-bearing assets and liabilities amounted to EUR 9 million (8 million). Hedge accounting is not applied and all fair value changes of hedging instruments are recognised through profit and loss immediately. The group has also accounts receivable and payable balances denominated in foreign currencies and UPM aims to fully hedge the net exposure in main currencies. The nominal values of the hedging instruments in net of accounts payable and receivable hedging were EUR 323 million (410 million). Hedge accounting is not applied and all fair value changes of hedging instruments are recognised through profit and loss immediately. UPM's net investments in foreign subsidiaries are also subject to foreign currency translation differences. The exchange rate differences arising from translation of foreign subsidiaries are accumulated as a separate component of equity in the translation reserve relate mainly to USD, CNY and GBP. Currency exposure arising from the net investment in foreign subsidiaries is generally not hedged. However, at 31 December 2023, part of the foreign exchange risk associated with the net investments was hedged, major ones in China and Uruguay, and net investment hedge accounting has been applied. The average

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UPM ANNUAL REPORT 2023

UPM ANNUAL REPORT 2023

UPM FINANCIAL REPORT 2023

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UPM FINANCIAL REPORT 2023

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